R Operators – Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment

R Tutorial – We shall learn about R Operators – Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment and some of the Miscellaneous Operators that R programming language provides.

R Operators

There are four main categories of Operators in R programming language. They are shown in the following picture :

We shall learn about these operators in detail with Example R programs.

R Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators are used to accomplish arithmetic operations. They can be operated on the basic data types Numericals, Integers, Complex Numbers. Vectors with these basic data types can also participate in arithmetic operations, during which the operation is performed on one to one element basis.

Operator	Description	Usage
+	Addition of two operands	a + b
–	Subtraction of second operand from first	a – b
*	Multiplication of two operands	a * b
/	Division of first operand with second	a / b
%%	Remainder from division of first operand with second	a %% b
%/%	Quotient from division of first operand with second	a %/% b
^	First operand raised to the power of second operand	a^b

An example for each of the arithmetic operator on Numerical values is provided below.

r_op_arithmetic.R

# R Arithmetic Operators Example for integers

a <- 7.5
b <- 2

print ( a+b )	#addition
print ( a-b )	#subtraction
print ( a*b )	#multiplication
print ( a/b )	#Division
print ( a%%b )	#Reminder
print ( a%/%b )	#Quotient
print ( a^b )	#Power of

Output

$ Rscript r_op_arithmetic.R 
[1] 9.5
[1] 5.5
[1] 15
[1] 3.75
[1] 1.5
[1] 3
[1] 56.25

An example for each of the arithmetic operator on Vectors is provided below.

r_op_arithmetic_vector.R

# R Operators - R Arithmetic Operators Example for vectors

a <- c(8, 9, 6)
b <- c(2, 4, 5)

print ( a+b )	#addition
print ( a-b )	#subtraction
print ( a*b )	#multiplication
print ( a/b )	#Division
print ( a%%b )	#Reminder
print ( a%/%b )	#Quotient
print ( a^b )	#Power of

Output

$ Rscript r_op_arithmetic_vector.R 
[1] 10 13 11
[1] 6 5 1
[1] 16 36 30
[1] 4.00 2.25 1.20
[1] 0 1 1
[1] 4 2 1
[1]   64 6561 7776

R Relational Operators

Relational Operators are those that find out relation between the two operands provided to them. Following are the six relational operations R programming language supports.The output is boolean (TRUE or FALSE) for all of the Relational Operators in R programming language.

Operator	Description	Usage
<	Is first operand less than second operand	a < b
>	Is first operand greater than second operand	a > b
==	Is first operand equal to second operand	a == b
<=	Is first operand less than or equal to second operand	a <= b
>=	Is first operand greater than or equal to second operand	a > = b
!=	Is first operand not equal to second operand	a!=b

An example for each of the relational operator on Numberical values is provided below.

r_op_relational.R

# R Operators - R Relational Operators Example for Numbers

a <- 7.5
b <- 2

print ( ab )	# greater than
print ( a==b )	# equal to 
print ( a<=b )	# less than or equal to
print ( a>=b )	# greater than or equal to
print ( a!=b )	# not equal to

Output

$ Rscript r_op_relational.R 
[1] FALSE
[1] TRUE
[1] FALSE
[1] FALSE
[1] TRUE
[1] TRUE

An example for each of the relational operator on Vectors is provided below.

r_op_relational_vector.R

# R Operators - R Relational Operators Example for Numbers
 
a <- c(7.5, 3, 5)
b <- c(2, 7, 0)
 
print ( a<b ) # less than
print ( a>b ) # greater than
print ( a==b ) # equal to
print ( a<=b ) # less than or equal to
print ( a>=b ) # greater than or equal to
print ( a!=b ) # not equal to

Output

$ Rscript r_op_relational_vector.R 
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

R Logical Operators

Logical Operators in R programming language work only for the basic data types logical, numeric and complex and vectors of these basic data types.

Operator	Description	Usage
&	Element wise logical AND operation.	a & b
|	Element wise logical OR operation.	a | b
!	Element wise logical NOT operation.	!a
&&	Operand wise logical AND operation.	a && b
||	Operand wise logical OR operation.	a || b

An example for each of the logical operators on Numerical values is provided below.

r_op_logical.R 

# R Operators - R Logical Operators Example for basic logical elements
 
a <- 0 # logical FALSE
b <- 2 # logical TRUE
 
print ( a & b ) # logical AND element wise
print ( a | b ) # logical OR element wise
print ( !a ) # logical NOT element wise
print ( a && b ) # logical AND consolidated for all elements
print ( a || b ) # logical OR consolidated for all elements

Output

$ Rscript r_op_logical.R 
[1] FALSE
[1] TRUE
[1] TRUE
[1] FALSE
[1] TRUE

An example for each of the logical operators on Vectors is provided below.

r_op_logical_vector.R

# R Operators - R Logical Operators Example for boolean vectors
 
a <- c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)
b <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)
 
print ( a & b ) # logical AND element wise
print ( a | b ) # logical OR element wise
print ( !a ) # logical NOT element wise
print ( a && b ) # logical AND consolidated for all elements
print ( a || b ) # logical OR consolidated for all elements

Output

$ Rscript r_op_logical_vector.R 
[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE
[1] TRUE
[1] TRUE

R Assignment Operators

Assignment Operators are those that help in assigning a value to the variable.

Operator	Description	Usage
=	Assigns right side value to left side operand	a = 3
<-	Assigns right side value to left side operand	a <- 5
->	Assigns left side value to right side operand	4 -> a
<<-	Assigns right side value to left side operand	a <<- 3.4
->>	Assigns left side value to right side operand	c(1,2) ->> a

An example for each of the assignment operators is provided below.

r_op_assignment.R

# R Operators - R Assignment Operators
 
a = 2
print ( a )
 
a <- TRUE
print ( a )
 
454 -> a
print ( a )
 
a <<- 2.9
print ( a )
 
c(6, 8, 9) -> a
print ( a )

Output

$ Rscript r_op_assignment.R 
[1] 2
[1] TRUE
[1] 454
[1] 2.9
[1] 6 8 9

R Miscellaneous Operators

These operators does not fall into any of the categories mentioned above, but are significantly important during R programming for manipulating data.

Operator	Description	Usage
:	Creates series of numbers from left operand to right operand	a:b
%in%	Identifies if an element(a) belongs to a vector(b)	a %in% b
%*%	Performs multiplication of a vector with its transpose	A %*% t(A)

An example for each of the Miscellaneous operators is provided below.

r_op_misc.R

# R Operators - R Misc Operators
 
a = 23:31
print ( a )
 
a = c(25, 27, 76)
b = 27
print ( b %in% a )
 
M = matrix(c(1,2,3,4), 2, 2, TRUE)
print ( M %*% t(M) )

Output

$ Rscript r_op_misc.R 
[1] 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
[1] TRUE
     [,1] [,2]
[1,] 5 11
[2,] 11 25

Conclusion

In this R Tutorial, we have learnt about R Operators – R Arithmetic Operators, R Relational Operators, R Logical Operators, R Assignment Operators, R Miscellaneous Operators with example R commands and R script files.